Safety for Women - 3738 Words

Safety Issues for Women Traveling Solo Stay Safe But Don’t Stay Home By Zahara Heckscher Zaraha Heckscher(left) with a Musonda friend in Zambia from Safety Issues for Women Traveling Solo: Stay Safe But Don’t Stay Home. Women are frequently warned about independent international travel. Unfortunately, it is true that women are much more likely than men to be the victims of sexual harassment and sexual assault. In virtually every country I have visited I heard from female travelers and volunteers who had been subjected to frequent come-ons, unwanted touching, or inappropriate comments, in the words of one Peace Corps volunteer. Harassment and assault range from verbal harassment, to crude propositions, to groping (especially by men in†¦show more content†¦(In India, a toe ring on your second toe means you’re not available.) Many volunteers learn strategies from local women. In Mexico, for example, women often sit together, even if they don’t know each other. Other tips, in the words of previous travelers, include: †¢ Be careful about letting your guard down while on vacation. †¢ Travel with a group at night. †¢ Before you leave home, talk to other women who have traveled in the countries you plan to visit. †¢ The in-country program director cautioned us against looking or staring at the men for too long at a time; this could be misinterpreted since the women in the local villages were taught not to make eye contact with the men. †¢ Be ready to give up some freedoms that you are used to at home. †¢ Females must take care with their dealings with any male older than 14 and younger than 75. I was often misunderstood at first and didn’t realize that plain speaking and looking at a man directly when speaking to him could be misinterpreted as flirting. I learned quickly to be very formal and to always involve several people in any conversation. †¢ Don’t be afraid to ask about the security situation where you are posted and find out about any prior in cidents that may have occurred in the area. †¢ When it comes to your life, you can’t be too cautious. No matter what you do or don’t do, remember that it is not your fault if you are assaulted. If you are raped or assaulted, it is mostShow MoreRelatedDrug Safety in Pregnant Women and Their Babies1979 Words   |  8 Pagesirreversible (Ford-Jones, Kellner, 1995). †¢ Tobacco There are three different ways in which a fetus can be exposed to smoke 1) if the mother smokes, 2) ingesting tobacco, and 3) second hand smoke. According to statistics a minimum of 10% of U.S. women smoke during pregnancy (Brent, Beckman, 1990). When a pregnant woman smokes she’s not only hurting herself and her baby but she is also putting the placenta at risk. Furthermore, when a pregnant woman smokes there is a high risk of the placenta notRead MoreHistory And Safety Regulations Of Ancient Egyptian Women1577 Words   |  7 Pagesnatural and necessary process that has been occurring since human beings can remember. Because of this necessary process, forms of sanitary protection have been concocted to meet the needs of women to care for themselves during their menstrual bleeding period. There have been numerous approaches used by women from all over the world and over the years. Of the numerous materials, used to collect and dispose of menstrual waste, two have remained mo st popular, the pad and the tampon. While many mightRead MoreGps, Gsm And Zapper Circuit Based Women Safety System1856 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Women’s security is a critical issue in today’s world and it’s very much needed for every individual to be acting over such an issue. This paper describes a â€Å"GPS, GSM and Zapper Circuit based women safety system† that provides the combination of GPS device specialized to track the location as well as provide alerts and messages with an emergency button trigger. It also contains shock mechanism to produce non-lethal electric shock in emergency situation. Our endeavour behind this paper isRead MorePlanned Parenthood And Its Impact On Women s Health And Safety And The Basic Human Rights1467 Words   |  6 PagesParenthood has vowed in their mission statement: â€Å"Together with a staff of experts in medicine, sexual health, advocacy, communications, and law, these leaders offer a robust vision and common sense solutions designed to protect women’s health and safety and the basic human rights of us all.†(â€Å"Our Leadership† par. 2) In overview, Planned Parenthood is an underappreciated healthcare resource that has helped terminate/prevent unwanted pregnancy, contributed to vital medical research, and educated personsRead MorePlanned Parenthood And Its Impact On Women s Health And Safety And The Basic Human Rights1467 Words   |  6 PagesParenthood has vowed in their mission statement: â€Å"Together with a staff of experts in medicine, sexual health, advocacy, communications, and law, these leaders offer a robust vision and common sense solutions designed to protect women’s health and safety and the basic human rights of us all.†(â€Å"Our Leadership† par. 2) In overview, Planned Parenthood is an underappreciated healthcare resource that has helped terminate/prevent unwanted pregnancy, contributed to vital medical research, and educated personsRead MoreDomestic Violence As A Victim Of Domestic Abuse1686 Words   |  7 Pageswomen’s safety by modifying and coordinating the â€Å"procedures, practices, and discernments† of the involved parties of domestic violence cases, such as law enforcement, the judicial system, and one’s community, â€Å"in relation to battering and battered women† (Dasgupta, p. 986). The Duluth program is currently used in all 50 states and 7 countries (Gondolf, p. 992). Overall, the Duluth program has three main aspects: The Power and Control Wheel, The Dialogical Format, and the concentration on women andRead MoreThe Round House By Louise Erdrich1352 Words   |  6 Pagesinjustice led to the erosion of Indians’ rights, which has ultimately threatened their safety, especially wo men’s. In Louise Erdrich’s novel, The Round House, she indicates that understanding the lack of safety Native women face is vital in maintaining a civil community. Louise Erdrich reveals that physical and psychological safeties are essential aspects of society. Through her book, Erdrich expresses that safety should be a common law amongst society, no matter how difficult it may be to protectRead MoreTreatment Of Veterans With Suds And Co Occurring Psychiatric Disorders Essay1232 Words   |  5 Pageshad a goal of getting clinicians to accept Seeking Safety and evaluate its efficacy when treating veterans, in hopes of bridging the gap of parallel services at the VA to treat comorbid SUD-PTSD. This study reinforced the old ways of cannot teach an old dog new tricks because of how difficult it is to influence clinician behavior in routine medical care. A more passive approach was taken via a daylong interactive staff training in Seeking Safety, where clinicians were i nformally surveyed on theirRead MoreFactors Of Jaffna Cycling978 Words   |  4 PagesJaffna cyclists experiences cycling as something negative. From the Jaffna cyclists, 67% associated cycling with joy. The relation found was that positive emotions have a positive effect on the experience of safety and negative emotions have a negative influence on the experience of safety of the respondent. 4.2.2 Habits Habit can be defined as repeating actions of past behavioral things in a series time intervals. It is about something that people do often and regularly, sometimes without knowingRead MoreModernization And Western Cultural Values On The Social Status1666 Words   |  7 Pagesthe (1) social status and (2) economic status of â€Å"Third World† women during the colonial period. (400-500 words) 5 points 1. The results of modernization and western cultural values on the social status and economic status in â€Å"Third World† women can be greatly attributed and resulted from colonialism, industrialization, and economic and political system have resulted in the status of women. Men were drawn into the labor force and women were relegated to domestic work and jobs that are not substantial

The Ideals and Philosophies of William Edward Burghardt Du...

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868, in Massachusetts where he stayed to earn his Ph. D in History. Although growing up in the more tolerant North, Du Bois realized, at an early age, skin color will always be an issue. His dedication and love of learning empowered him with the feeling that through education it would one day be possible to breach the color line. His position as a Harvard graduate and his love for education meant that he was able to travel throughout the country to study exactly what the United States are even writing that he â€Å"touched the very shadow of slavery† (Monteiro 2010). He gained invaluable knowledge and with this he began to teach what he had learned. Immediately he began†¦show more content†¦Second, develop an intellectualist black culture. By doing these two things, African Americans would be able to slowly undo the scar of slavery that perforates American life. According to Du Bois, capitalism â€Å"i s doomed to self-destruction†¦.communism†¦.this is the only way of human life† (Monteiro 2010). He applauds the fact that capitalism has brought jobs to the African American Southern population; however, upon closer inspection, these jobs prevent their culture and influence from spreading. A typical black Southern worker could expect to work longer hours and receive less pay than their white counterparts. They were given the dirtier and more dangerous jobs as well. There was almost no room for promotions and they lived with the constant fear of being fired. Simply put, the rich, white elite have use capitalism create a new type of slavery: financial slavery which has been failing the Blackman. After writing â€Å"capitalists pay some workers enough to subsist on, but capitalists also pay many more workers less than what they need for survival,† (Rosenthal 2002) he determined the African American community would need to create its own system of ethnic bas ed communism. Communism, for the African Americans in the United States, would be the answer to capitalism’s failures and it would allow â€Å"blacks to start businesses and industries that would allow blacks to advance themselves economically† (Franceschi 2000). Du Bois did not argue for full scaleShow MoreRelatedEssay about W.e.b Du Bois1004 Words   |  5 Pages W.E.B Du Bois nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;One ever feels his two-ness. An American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two warring ideals in one dark body whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder.quot; This was how William E. B. Du Bois described how it felt to be a Negro in the beginning of the twentieth century in his book The Souls of Black Folk. W.E.B. Du Bois, was a black editor, historian, sociologist, and a leader of the civil rights movement in the United StatesRead MoreReconstruction Failed For African Americans1112 Words   |  5 Pagestwentieth century, visionaries such as Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, and Marcus Garvey recognized the urgent need for change. These great leaders were in agreement that action was required to uplift the African American race. However, their philosophies on how to approach it were vastly different. Born a slave on a Virginia farm, Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856-1915) rose to become one of the most influential African-American intellectuals of the late 19th century. He was nine years old whenRead MoreB. Du Bois1593 Words   |  7 Pagesforgotten name that is not brought up in these discussions is W.E.B. Du Bois. An author, speaker, teacher, protester, sociologist, historian, certainly a renaissance man in the truest sense of the phrase. As an author, many of his writings have been very influential, from the time they were released and still to this day. As a speaker, Du Bois was often outspoken and made it a point to be clear where he stood on an issue. Du Bois the teacher was a very intelligent man who was growing into his viewsRead MoreEssay on Comparing W.E.B. DuBois and Booker T. Washington1350 Words   |  6 Pages W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T Washington had very different views about their culture and country. Du Bois, being born in the North and studying in Europe, was fascinated with the idea of Socialism and Communism. Booker T Washington, on the other hand, was born in the South, and like so many others, had a Black mother and a White father. Thus being born half-white, his views and ideas were sometimes not in the best interest of his people. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was born on FebruaryRead MoreSociology : A Sociological Perspective1292 Words   |  6 PagesTheological Stage This stage is when the religion is dominate Metaphysical Stage This stage is when abstract speculative thinking is most prominent Positivist Stage This stage is the scientific stage Comte- Major Works 6 volume course of Positive Philosophy (1830-1842) Comte argued how society operated by its own set of laws. System of positive Polity (1851-1854) Religion of Humanity(1856) Who is Karl Marx Born: May 5, 1818 in Trier, Prussia Death: March 14, 1883 due to cancer Became the editorRead MoreEssay William Edward Burghardt Du Bois or W.E.B. Du Bois3534 Words   |  15 PagesWilliam Edward Burghardt Du Bois or W.E.B. Du Bois William Edward Burghardt Du Bois – known simply as W.E.B. – was 83 when the government indicted him as a foreign agent in 1951. The only crime he had committed, however, was circulating the Stockholm Appeal, which said any government to use an atomic weapon against another country should be treated as a war criminal. After spending six months in disgrace and paying $35,150 for his defense, the government dismissed its case against him. TheRead More Invisable Man - Black Leaders Essay2124 Words   |  9 Pagesadvancement. A man who strayed more on the middle path was W.E.B. Du Bois. He was less militant than Marcus Garvey but was more so than Booker T. Washington. Ellison uses characters from the novel to represent these men. Marcus Garvey is fictionalized as Ras the Exhorter. Booker T. Washington is given voice by the Reverend Barbee. W.E.B. Du Bois is never directly mentioned in the novel. However, the actions and thoughts of W.E.B. Du Bois are very similar to that of the narrator. While all three men wereRead MoreW.E.B. Du Bois vs. Booker T. Washington2991 Words   |  12 Pagestwentieth-century African-American thought, Du Bois was the inspiration for the literary movement known as the Harlem Renaissance. As a co-founder of the NAACP and the long-time editor of its magazine The Crisis, Du Bois nurtured and promoted many young and talented African-Americans. Underlying his controversial notion of the talented tenth, was his belief that true integration will happen when selected blacks excel in the literature and the fine arts. William Edward Burghardt DuBois, to his admirers, was

System Security Essay Research Paper System Security free essay sample

System Security Essay, Research Paper System Security System security is the sum of protection against unanticipated events, which might do the system to neglect. The sum of security in a given system depends upon the value of the information contained within the system. As the information becomes more valuable, the sum of money spent on protecting the information besides increases. An illustration of this would be person maintaining their valuables in a place fire safe whereas a bank might maintain their valuables in a time-controlled vault. Data security is the protection of informations through exigency recovery programs and the controlling of terminal user privileges. This is the existent care of the informations itself. Through exigency recovery programs, informations is protected from natural catastrophes and hardware failures. An exigency recovery program should include a regular agenda for back-ups to be made of the system informations. It should besides let for big catastrophes sometimes referred to as Acts of t he Apostless of God. Recovery plans allow for these catastrophes by holding a back-up that is located off-site. This means that if the edifice collapsed in an temblor, there would still be a transcript of the system informations at a site that wasn t effected. Now to be truly effectual the back-ups have to be maintained on a regular basis. This manner there isn T excessively much lost informations when the back-up is restored as the chief system. The back-ups should be maintained at a certain regular agenda and several back-ups should be maintained. This allows for informations corruptness. If the information was corrupted before the last back-up was run so that back-up would besides incorporate the mistakes. By maintaining multiple back-ups, the system can be restored from a old back-up that hadn T had a opportunity to go corrupted yet. Another signifier of informations security is the commanding of user privileges. Operating systems such as Novel NetWare and Unix allow for the controlling of single us ers entree to files and directories. By leting merely authorised users entree to sensitive files, the system can be more to the full protected against malicious usage of the informations or from mistakes caused from incompetency. In commanding the users on a system attention should be taken in the assignment of watchwords. Passwords should incorporate letters and at least one figure or particular character. If at all possible, watchwords shouldn t be names or standard dictionary words. Passwords aren t effectual if they can be guessed in any little sum of clip. Last if there is any uncertainty on the security a watchword offers, alteration it frequently. This technique makes it much harder for an unauthorised user to derive entree more than one time. A system should besides be protected from out-side beginnings that needfully are non straight related to the users of the system. Protection from outside onslaughts is progressively more of import in our electronic commercialism communi ty. Any information transportation, which takes topographic point outside of a corporate web, is free game for whoever wants to seek and read it. Encryption Encryption is the reply that has been developed to protect information from eyes that were neer meant to see it. Codes and cyphers have been around for 100s of old ages. The secret decipherer ring is a authoritative illustration of a simple codification. Each missive of the alphabet is replaced by an beginning. In this scenario A would be C and B is replaced by D, and so on. This allows for the sending of an indecipherable message that can be decoded by the individual that knows the proper beginning. When a line of text is in normal clear signifier it is considered to be plaintext. Once plaintext is encrypted it becomes ciphertext. The ciphertext produced by present encoding criterions follows the same thought as the decipherer ring but the algorithms involved are much more complex. Now in today s universe a simple cypher couldn T protect sensitive informations with any step of existent security. There have come about several different attacks to how informations is encrypted. They by and large fall into two classs normal encoding and public-key encoding. In a standard encoding scheme the message is encrypted with a certain cardinal word that the receiving system of the message needs to cognize to decode the message. In public-key encoding the key used to code the message is different from the key used to decode the message. This scenario allows one of the keys to go public. In this manner the transmitter can code a message to his friend, utilizing the friends public-key, and there would be no demand for any other contact between them for the friend to read the message. This was a job with standard encoding because the channel used to direct the key to the receiver would hold to be unafraid otherwise there would be no ground to utilize encoding. It s interesting to observe that when utilizing public-key en coding to direct an encrypted message, the transmitter can t read his ain message once it has been encrypted. The lone individual who is able to read the message is the receiving system. Due to the fact that the receiving system is the lone 1 who knows the secret key needed to decode the message. DES or Data Encryption Standard is one of the popular computing machine encoding algorithms in usage today. It is an international criterion that has been around since the 1970 s. It was created to let different companies to make coding devices that would be able to work together. Another advantage of the Data Encryption Standard was that it was tested to be secure. The testing of the algorithm was accomplished by seeking to interrupt the codification with a great sum of resources. This algorithm passed the National Security Agencies proving procedure and they deemed it secure. DES has since been used for a figure of authorities communicating links and informations storage. Within the past decennary it has become portion of many commercial security applications. This type of encoding is a one cardinal signifier of encoding, which means the channel for the key has to be unafraid and that the same key is used for decoding. More applications are traveling towards the usage of RSA encoding. RSA was named utilizing the initials of its Godheads Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman. RSA is a public-key encoding algorithm. RSA gets its security from the trouble of factoring big Numberss. The public and private keys are maps of a brace of big ( 100 to 200 figures or even larger ) premier Numberss. Recovering the plaintext from the public-key and the ciphertext is conjectured to be tantamount to factoring the merchandise of the two primes. 1 An of import portion of RSA encoding is that the keys can besides be used to authenticate a message. The encrypted public-key can be used as a signature for the individual who sent the message. The most recent usage of encoding engineerings has been to protect concern minutess across the Internet. More to the point minutess through a World Wide Web based medium. SSL or Secure Sockets Layer is a protocol that was designed by Netscape to supply security during the transmittal of sensitive informations over the Internet. It uses the RSA encoding algorithm to protect informations that is transferred between the browser on your place Personal computer and the waiter of the Web site. The cardinal length for the encoding algorithm controls how strong or weak the codification is to interrupt and besides the velocity at which the codification can be decrypted with the key. If you of all time bought anything online you might hold noticed that it takes a small longer for the page to lade up when utilizing a unafraid connexion. Although SSL is reasonably unafraid som e step of cautiousness should be used when directing information across secure channels. The cardinal length for any waiter outside the U.S. and Canada is limited to 56 spots or less. The RSA algorithm is able to be broken at that degree. Within the boundary lines of the U.S. and Canada the cardinal size is limited to 128 spots. With adequate calculating power this is besides able to be broken but it would take much longer than a fifty-six spot cardinal. With encoding it frequently comes down to the velocity at which the algorithm works weighed against the length of clip the informations demands to be protected. I might non hold to online banking or stock trades over SSL but I might buy things with my recognition card. The sum of harm that person could make to you, by geting informations about you should be taken into history when carry oning minutess online. The whole ground that informations should be encrypted across webs is due to the fact that merely about any system decision maker can see informations that passes through his system. The Internet is merely a web of webs, and all along the way between you and the waiter you re pass oning with, there could be person listening. This eves-dropping on web traffic is by and large referred to as whiffing. When information is sent across the Internet it is broken down into cuttable pieces called packages. Now the packages each have the reference they re seeking to acquire to and the order in which they re supposed to be read in, encoded on them. Each single package will happen its ain manner between you and the web site you re surfing. If someplace along that line person makes a transcript of a package or two, of yours, they might be able to happen out information that you don t want them to cognize. This technique has been used to derive entree to systems by whiffing usernames and watchword s off the web. It has besides found some promotion in persons individualities being stolen and immense debts being run up on their recognition cards. Sniffing tools have been developed for the intents of debugging web constellations and such. There is ever traveling to be the ability for a malicious individual to have information that wasn T intended for them. Due to this ability, it reinforces the importance that strong encoding has on Internet commercialism and the importance that it will go on to hold into the hereafter. Firewalls Other than information that is going outside the corporate Intranet there isn T excessively much concern about web security. Many corporations are puting up filtrating routers or Unix hosts that filter the web traffic coming into their system. This method of filtrating web traffic is called a firewall. A firewall is a combination of hardware and package constituents that provide a choking coil point between a sure web and an untrusted web such as the In ternet. The firewall provides a certain degree of control as to what can travel between the two webs. 2 As sniffing can be used maliciously by an aggressor, it has besides started to go a tool used by corporations to supervise traffic flow across their webs. Corporations have been seeking to cut back on web surfboarding by employees and immaterial electronic mails. The entree to the Internet has been, counter productive to some employees. The firewall provides an first-class point for web monitoring to take topographic point. By supervising the web traffic the corporation can be certain that the employees aren t blowing clip or downloading anything that might be unsafe to the system. Recently there has been a panic about a macro virus named Melissa. A computing machine virus is a plan that, when executed, attempts to double itself. They by and large either infect the boot record of a disc or attach themselves to some sort of feasible file. In this mode they have ample chance to be e xecuted. The Melissa virus was a Microsoft Office Macro that was designed to distribute utilizing the names in the victims Outlook reference book. It would e-mail itself to the first 50 entries where one time opened by the receivers, it would get down the procedure over once more. The computing machine virus can do large losingss in productiveness from downed systems and corrupted informations. For the virus to double it tries to copy itself to a new location and in making so can do informations to be over written. In systems that are Unix based there isn T excessively much of a job with viruses. The design of the operating system doesn t give plans the freedom to roll every bit much as the Personal computer architecture does. On Windows based machines there should be a current virus scanner running, to assist maintain virus losingss to a lower limit. The scanner should besides be updated reasonably on a regular basis. By taking some preventive stairss in progress your system can be more dependable and less likely to give you jobs. Some aggressors have besides begun constructing their ain web packages to acquire by the firewalls. An Internet Protocol package can be designed to be beginning routed, which means the beginning gives the waies on how to acquire to the finish. By utilizing beginning routed packages some aggressors have been able to by base on balls a firewall. The bulk of firewall bundles have now accounted for this, so that if a package is beginning routed it will automatically be filtered. The best protection a system can hold is an cognizant system decision maker. The U.S. Department of Energy has an advisory called CIAC ( Computer Incident Advisory Capability ) . This consultative keeps path of freshly discovered package or constellation mistakes, which might let an unauthorised individual, to derive entree to your system. There is besides the CERT ( Computer Emergency Response Team ) which besides puts out advisories covering system security co ncerns. These advisories should be checked reasonably frequently. Besides look intoing the advisories a system decision maker should hold some type of logging set up on their system. Unix systems have this already built in and plus there is a plan called tripwire which gives some excess logging and checksum functionality. The logs show things such as failed login efforts and system mistakes. Tripwire is used besides to log port connexions and to forestall the interpolation of Trojans on to the system. Dardans are plans that look like they do one thing but really do something else, normally to derive entree to a system. Tripwire protects against this by making a byte by byte cheque of all the executables on the system. Even though your system is really unafraid and you check the logs daily there still needs to be physical controls put in topographic point. Physical Controls Physical controls are the last line of defence against an outside onslaught on the system. One of the most freq uently over looked physical controls is to merely put consoles in unafraid countries. Any computing machine terminus should be behind a locked door of some sort. Computers tend to be instead expensive and they tend to walk off by themselves if non within a secure environment. Not excessively reference that an unfastened terminus can give person an anon. point of entry into your system. One of the oldest and still the best physical control is the shredder. Hard transcript is to be shredded. All information that a corporation trades with is in paper signifier at one clip or another so why should one pass so much clip and money on security when they merely take the information and throw it in a Dumpster. In decision information is power and in this universe of databases and webs it is traveling to be of all time more of import to pay attending to the inside informations of how that information changes custodies. 325

Forms of Control Free Sample @Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Task 1 Using two of the four forms of control (Knights and Willmott, 2012) as a framework, use any of the material in Unit 2 to discuss the benefits and challenges of these methods of management. You should also explore the implications these managerial issues provoke in relation to your own practice as a manager or as an employee. Getting Tired of Never-Ending Assignments? Hire an Expert from MyAssignmenthelp and Get the Necessary Assignment Help at a Reasonable Rate. Task 2 Provide a reflective commentary on the implications of Tony Watsons article for both: Answer: Task 1 The organizational control is an indispensable part of the management system. According to Knights and Willmott, (2012) the management control is defined as the process through which the organization controls and influences the behavior and performance of the members of the organization so as to attain the objectives of the organization. Organization control is an important component in the management function which is responsible to ensure that the goals of organization are achieved and that there are no deviations in the standard performance and actual performance (Hannan, Polos and Carroll 2011). Organization control, according to Miller and Rice (2013) includes the processes that are designed to assure that the plan of the organization and the employees performance are according to the set objectives and are achieved with effective basis. The control process is not the end process rather at every level of the management function management controls is required. Managers monitor a nd evaluate the system, process and performances from time to time in all management in finance, operations, marketing, manufacturing, human resources management and serving customers (Kotler 2012). The control system is vital for all these functions to meet the standards and achieve objectives. There are various forms of organizational control and every organization adopts it own controlling methods. Here the essay discusses the four frameworks of organization control given by Knights and Willmott (2012) as direct supervision, bureaucratic procedures, cultural control and output and self regulation. These four frameworks of organizational control have their own relevance in the organization to control various functions and activities. These techniques not just controls the performances but have the motivational techniques to encourage the employees to meet the actual level and standards of performance (Griffin 2013). Here the discussion is on the two factors of organizational control- Bureaucratic Control and Cultural Control. Bureaucracy and Culture are the most important and major topics in organization and management and each of them plays a vital role in motivating, performing and controlling the employees and their actions (Hall and Gotz 2013). The organization control has always been a factor regulated not just by the management but by the employees self regulation, on the contrary, Knights and Willmott (2012) states that the organizational culture regulates the behavior of employees and provide them with the workplace which motivates the employees and help them to achieve their targets. The organization control function must consist of the control mix of bureaucratic control and cultural control and must be implementing by managers effectively (Daft 2012). This would help the organization to achieve an optimal mix of formal control with bureaucratic form and an informal control through cultural form. The performance management, motivation among staff and enhancing corporate culture requires the bure aucratic control in the organization with effective leadership (Miles 2012). The organizational control, bureaucratic control form in the present context in management refers to managing and controlling the performance and output of the employees through punishments and rewards so as to make sure that the employees work performance, output and conduct matches the standards and expectations of senior management to achieve the organizational objectives (Novikov 2013). Bureaucratic control was first introduced in the technical control during and post years of World War II and greatly increased its importance thereafter. Bureaucratic control and the other forms of control system differ in homogenous feature on the organization control that mixes within the structure of the organization itself. On the contrary, Robbins and Coulter (2012) states that the organization structure is dependent on the culture that the organization and its managers follow which refers to the set practices, norms and rules in professional life. According to Schermerhorn (2013) Culture is the form of controlling the employees behavior, sense of belonging and motivation towards performing in organization and providing the stability within the workplace. The main focus of the organization control is to make the employees meet the targets effectively, motivate and perform according to the standards of the organization (Sinnott 2013). The leaders of the company focus on developing the culture controls and the bureaucratic controls creating the social norms, sense of shared values, performance enhancements, punishments, rewards and appraisals within the organization (Burke 2013). Cultural controls include organizations mission statement that employees needs to keep in mind while working, the unwritten social norms, etiquettes, behavior, working ethics, rules and regulations including anti-discrimination policies, standards of conduct and non disclosure agreements, expected work schedules and lastly the deliberate role modeling where new staff is given training to understand and enhance skills and knowledge required at the workplace and career development of existing employees (Thygesen 2012). Hence these are the benefits for the employe es if the organization follows the right process and procedure for cultural and bureaucratic control. The organization structure on the other hand provides the backbone on which the organizations policies and work procedures are built (Simons 2013). The bureaucratic control in an organization thus helps the managers and individuals to build the system of standards in the organization through rules, regulations, methods of process and verifications (Swift 2013). This is the way of ensuring efficient operation in the organization through bureaucratic control. One of the drawbacks in bureaucratic control is, in case the implementation and procedure is not followed properly then there is a possibility of deviation of actual performance with the standard performance (Tracy 2013). The bureaucratic control fails to provide scope for face to face communication and to involve any informal and practical method of enforcing the compliance program. On the contrary the author Knights and Willmott (2012), refers that the bureaucratic control is a centralized form of control within the organization s administrative department where the rule for one individual is same as for the others also. It helps in establishing the hierarchies within the organization so as to communicate all the policies and procedures to all the employees (Ziviani, Poulsen and Cuskelly 2013). Hence, the organizational structure and culture go hand in hand to provide the staff with a workplace. A German Sociologist Max Weber proposed Bureaucratic management first, for promoting the virtue of birthright as alternative to system of monarchy (Hall and Gotz 2013). According to his definition the effective control through bureaucracy is by efficient knowledge. This was to promote the merits, appraisals, recognitions of staff in order to ensure maximum output through utilization of resources of most qualified rather than connected which refers to social norms, relationship building in the organization (Burke 2013). Bureaucratic form of control states the idea of fairness versus favoritism, which increases the efficiency of overall management ensuring accomplishment of the organizations objectives (Daft 2012). According to Miller and Rice (2013) it is the management culture within the organization to built the bureaucratic control that is significant to enhance practices in supervision and provide the logical rules, regulations and policies so that managers easily evaluate any dev iation of actual performance from standard performance. On the other hand Hatch and Cunliffe (2012) argues that these policies, set rules and procedures are effective when the organization follows cultural controls in the workplace and work ethically by obeying all the relevant regulations in management functions. The managers are motivated to work in an ethical and culturally sound organization where the organization makes it possible to sustain all the output and performance of its employees (Hannan, Polos and Carroll 2011). The bureaucratic structure serves the purpose of the organization only when the culture, stability and continuity exist in the organization. Bureaucratic control is regarded as the formal mode of control which measures the performance in relation to behaviors and outcomes (Simons 2013). The managers of the organization idealize the culture of the organization and enhance the cultural control and bureaucratic controls in the organization. The bureaucratic control results in motivation of employees as they know their targets and the ways to achieve them (Clegg 2013). The evaluation of performance by the managers depends on the formal exchange of the written documents and information like the performance reports and operating procedures (Hewison and Holden 2011). The manager in bureaucratic control of organization rewards and punishes in the form of bonuses, pay, incentives and promotions or demotions depending on the employees performance and output. Finally the relationships and roles in the organization between the employees are the subjects to bureaucratic control form in the organization. The model of organization control is of various concepts being it direct supervision, self regulation bureaucratic and cultural control, all includes the methods that focus on enhancing the performance of the employees and achieve the organizational goals. Thus, organization control is an important component in the management function which is responsible to ensure that the goals of organization are achieved and that there are no deviations in the standard performance and actual performance The concepts of cultural control and bureaucratic control are of great relevance for the organization and the managers to control the management functions with effectiveness with underlying rules, policies and procedures. The managers implementing these forms of control in the organization enhance the employees performance, motivate them to achieve the targets and guide them the ways of achieving goals with effectiveness. Task 2 In the article, Motivation: Thats Maslow isnt it? by Tony Watson in 1996 states the organization management theory of motivation, control culture and much more not said by the theorists but by the teachers, professors and the management students (WATSON 1996). The article refers to the reflection of the students and teachers perspectives and the experiment was carried on the business and management. Practically the management of an organization needs to adhere to the principles and theories of the motivation and manage peoples need so that they are motivated to perform for the organization (Hall and Gotz 2013). The knowledge imparted to the students in the university and management courses as per the author recorded to be built on the theoretical aspects of the study and the professors use tape recorders, assignments, text books and presentation for discussing the study materials (Ziviani, Poulsen and Cuskelly 2013). This mainly provoked for the discussion of the topic in the class a nd students are motivated to discuss with all relevant points. The main idea of the article was to know the motivational experiments done by the managers and the teachers in various stages to achieve the results (WATSON 1996). The motivation defined by the author is the main source or the need that helps the individuals to achieve what they want through various means, motivation is different for different people and so are their needs (Swift 2013). The relevance of all the theories theory X and theory Y or the Hierarchy Theory and Mintzberg theory are applied differently by different organizations at different situations (Ziviani, Poulsen and Cuskelly 2013). All the above theories were studied and the article suggested the motivation through the theory of Hierarchy given by Maslow as the different individuals have different level of needs which are mentioned in each level of hierarchy (Hall and Gotz 2013). The culture of the organization management helps the manager to develop and encourage the employees performance and effectiveness (Tracy 2013 ). The managers ensure that the employees get training, career development opportunities in the organization along with performance appraisals, bonus, incentives and promotions that benefits them and fulfill their needs (Hall and Gotz 2013). These are the applied motivational practices by the organizations in various ways that suits their business and the level of employees (WATSON 1996). The motivational learning as the student has been stated with the motivational needs of Physiology that includes the need for food, sleep, breathing and other basic needs, the second need of Safety including morality, family, health and needs of employment as with this need the further needs will get fulfilled when students may get motivated to earn their living (Hall and Gotz 2013). Lastly, the motivation of students for fulfilling their Social needs including belonging with family, friends and partners will make them realize their responsibility and help them to get motivated to achieve the other two needs of Self-esteem where student gets confidence of achieving their target and get placed in an organization, and get respect of others and respect others as well; and Self Actualization needs is achieved at long term set targets (Tracy 2013). The lowest four needs in Maslows Hierarchy theory are known as D-needs (Deficiency Needs) including Physiological, Safety, Social and Self Esteem of which the students aim to fulfill. References Bedford, D.S. and Malmi, T., 2015. Configurations of control: An exploratory analysis. Management Accounting Research, 27, pp.2-26. Burke, W.W., 2013. Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Clegg, S., 2013. The Theory of Power and Organization (RLE: Organizations). Routledge. Daft, R., 2012. Organization theory and design. Cengage learning Griffin, R., 2013. Management. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Hall, N. and Gotz, T., 2013. Emotion, motivation, and self-regulation. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Hannan, M., Polos, L. and Carroll, G., 2011. Logics of Organization Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Hatch, M.J. and Cunliffe, A.L., 2012. Organization theory: modern, symbolic and postmodern perspectives. Oxford university press. Hewison, R. and Holden, J., 2011. The cultural leadership handbook. Surrey, England: Gower. Knights, D. and Willmott, H., 2012. Management and leadership. Knights, D. and Willmott, H., 2012. Organizational behaviour manag ement. Andover: Cengage Learning. Kotler, P., 2012. Marketing management. Harlow, England: Pearson. Miles, J., 2012. Management and organization theory. San Francisco, Calif.: Jossey-Bass. Miller, E.J. and Rice, A.K. eds., 2013. Systems of organization: The control of task and sentient boundaries. Routledge. Novikov, D., 2013. Control methodology. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Robbins, S. and Coulter, M., 2012. Management. Boston: Prentice Hall. Schermerhorn, J., 2013. Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Simons, R., 2013. Levers of control: How managers use innovative control systems to drive strategic renewal. Harvard Business Press. Sinnott, J., 2013. Positive psychology. New York, NY: Springer. Swift., 2013. Motivation. Milwaukee, WI.: R.H. Publishing. Thygesen, N., 2012. The illusion of management control. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Tracy, B., 2013. Motivation. New York: AMACOM, American Management Association. WATSON, T.J., 1996. Motivation: that's Maslow, isn't it?. Management Learning, 27, p.447. Ziviani, J., Poulsen, A. and Cuskelly, M., 2013. The art and science of motivation. London: Jessica Kingsley.

Federal Aviation Regulation Essays - Aircraft Maintenance

Federal Aviation Regulation When we talk about aviation maintenance, we speak of repairs, alterations and the act of preserving an aircraft in its original airworthy condition. An airworthiness certificate is given to an aircraft after countless hours of design, research and testing. And in order to keep this certificate valid; an aircraft must be maintained in accordance with a certain specification. These specifications are brought to us by the Federal Aviation Administration. The Federal Aviation Regulation part that spells out these rules is found in part 43. These acts are performed to prevent harm to pilots, passengers, and even innocent bystander that may become involved in an incident due to improper maintenance. As maintenance managers, we must understand these implications that must be followed, so that we may ensure that our facility is performing to the standards set upon us by the FAA. The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 allowed for the regulation of air commerce in such manner as to best promote its development and safety (Adamski and Doyle 4-8). This brought about a rulemaking process to insure that all aspects of aviation could be regulated in a way as to provide maximum safety to all. This was the initial birth of 14 CFR 43, or Part 43 of the FAR's which is ironically titled Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration (Federal Aviation Regulations [FAR], VII, 1997). This part has been primarily written for individuals or repair facilities that may be performing some sort of maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding and or alterations. It refers to a number of qualified individuals that include holders of mechanic, repairman, air carrier, or even a pilot's certificate, that may perform an array of the procedures listed in this part. So when it comes down to it, we as maintenance managers must know and live by FAR prt. 43 in order for our employees to work and perform in a legal and safe manor. As the title implies, this part of the Federal Aviation Regulations prescribes rules of governing the maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, and alteration of any aircraft having a U.S. airworthiness certificate; any foreign-registered aircraft used to carry mail under pt.121, 127 or 135; and airframe, aircraft engines, propellers, appliances, and components of such aircraft. This is exclusive of aircraft holding an experimental airworthiness certificate, unless the aircraft was previously issued a different kind of certificate (FAR, 1998, p.11). So if we were working as a manager in the U.S., this part would definitely apply to our facility, which repairs and maintains aircraft found in this category. Part 43 also identifies persons that are authorized to perform and return an aircraft, airframe, aircraft engines, propellers, appliances, or component parts for return to service after maintenance, preventive maintenance, rebuilding, or alteration. "The approval for return to service will be made in accordance with FAR 43.9(a)(5). A&P mechanics are authorized to conduct and approve for return to service aircraft inspected in accordance with the owner or operator's program under a number of options. It can be done under performance rules for inspection to which determines whether an aircraft meets all requirements for airworthiness. Or by an inspection program under FAR 43 App. D. All work must be done in accordance with "airworthiness limitations" (King 38). This means that a manager must know who is performing the prescribed work in his shop, and make sure that any work completed is done in a specific, approved fashion. A manager must know what types of inspections are being performed to aircraft in his/her shop. Individuals holding the appropriately rated certificate can only perform those inspections in which they are allowed to do. Managers must be fully aware of what part of the FAR's their shop is performing inspections under. Different parts of the regulation require adherence to specific rules found, but not specific to Part 43. If an aircraft comes in for an annual inspection, the manager must have an IA available to do the inspection, but if the inspection is a 100-hour, a certified mechanic is only needed in order to return the aircraft to service. A manager must realize that someone not certified cannot work under a certified mechanic when doing a 100-hour inspection. So the mechanics helper cannot perform the inspection during times of great workloads. This puts a constraint on the manager to hire and keep the required individuals needed for the type of inspections being performed at his/her facility. Next, the part goes into record keeping aspects after performing the above procedures. Great detail is taken in explaining and recording the work in order to prevent

Free Essays on Utilitarian

Mill's Utilitarianism: Sacrifice the innocent for the common good? When faced with a moral dilemma, utilitarianism identifies the appropriate considerations, but offers no realistic way to gather the necessary information to make the required calculations. This lack of information is a problem both in evaluating the welfare issues and in evaluating the consequentialist issues which utilitarianism requires be weighed when making moral decisions. Utilitarianism attempts to solve both of these difficulties by appealing to experience; however, no method of reconciling an individual decision with the rules of experience is suggested, and no relative weights are assigned to the various considerations. In deciding whether or not to torture a terrorist who has planted a bomb in New York City, a utilitarian must evaluate both the overall welfare of the people involved or effected by the action taken, and the consequences of the action taken. To calculate the welfare of the people involved in or effected by an action, utilitarianism requires that all individuals be considered equally. Quantitative utilitarians would weigh the pleasure and pain which would be caused by the bomb exploding against the pleasure and pain that would be caused by torturing the terrorist. Then, the amounts would be summed and compared. The problem with this method is that it is impossible to know beforehand how much pain would be caused by the bomb exploding or how much pain would be caused by the torture. Utilitarianism offers no practical way to make the interpersonal comparison of utility necessary to compare the pains. In the case of the bomb exploding, it at least seems highly probable that a greater amount of pain would be caused, at least in the present, by the bomb exploding. This probability suffices for a quantitative utilitarian, but it does not account for the consequences, which create an entirely di... Free Essays on Utilitarian Free Essays on Utilitarian Mill's Utilitarianism: Sacrifice the innocent for the common good? When faced with a moral dilemma, utilitarianism identifies the appropriate considerations, but offers no realistic way to gather the necessary information to make the required calculations. This lack of information is a problem both in evaluating the welfare issues and in evaluating the consequentialist issues which utilitarianism requires be weighed when making moral decisions. Utilitarianism attempts to solve both of these difficulties by appealing to experience; however, no method of reconciling an individual decision with the rules of experience is suggested, and no relative weights are assigned to the various considerations. In deciding whether or not to torture a terrorist who has planted a bomb in New York City, a utilitarian must evaluate both the overall welfare of the people involved or effected by the action taken, and the consequences of the action taken. To calculate the welfare of the people involved in or effected by an action, utilitarianism requires that all individuals be considered equally. Quantitative utilitarians would weigh the pleasure and pain which would be caused by the bomb exploding against the pleasure and pain that would be caused by torturing the terrorist. Then, the amounts would be summed and compared. The problem with this method is that it is impossible to know beforehand how much pain would be caused by the bomb exploding or how much pain would be caused by the torture. Utilitarianism offers no practical way to make the interpersonal comparison of utility necessary to compare the pains. In the case of the bomb exploding, it at least seems highly probable that a greater amount of pain would be caused, at least in the present, by the bomb exploding. This probability suffices for a quantitative utilitarian, but it does not account for the consequences, which create an entirely di...

Currency Exchange Rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Currency Exchange Rate - Essay Example The exchange rate of a currency is: is fixed, i.e. constant relative to a base currency (usually the US dollar or the euro), by decision of the State issuing that currency. The rate then can only be modified by a decision of devaluation (or revaluation) of that State. A State may not, however, decide to adopt any exchange rate of its currency. If this exchange rate fixed at too high or too low, the exchange rate will be "attacked" in the foreign exchange market. If the monetary authorities are unable to cope (with their foreign exchange reserves), they will change their parity; is floating and determined for each transaction by the balance between supply and demand in the foreign exchange markets. This is an interbank market worldwide currencies, less centralized on specific places of quotation and trade, as based on computer links between banks. The exchange rate is: or a spot price, that is to say "spot" for immediate purchases and sales of foreign currency. In general, the currenc y delivery time is 2 working days during the working days and it may exceed that period if the delivery must be made during the holidays; either a course forward, that is to say "Forward", to exchange transactions at a future due date (the delivery is not made immediately). The mission is to manage risk. It is an agreement to fix today the price at which it will buy / sell currency futures.Exchange rates vary widely during the same day, these variations cannot be explained by the theory of purchasing power parity (PPP).

Cease Fire Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cease Fire - Research Paper Example Public health issues are diverse and dynamic, and they also impact differently communities and societies. Dr. Gary Slutkin, the person behind the project that saw the establishment of the CeaseFire program, holds that violence is a critical public health issue yet the most relatively ignored (Wilson & Petersilia, 2011). He also maintains that violence is deeply rooted in behavior and can, therefore, be prevented through changes in behavioral norms. In this respect, the program heavily depends on the intervention of outreach workers in the event of violence or conflicts in the streets. The duty and responsibility of these workers is to interrupt conflicting parties and mitigate conflicts that are likely to result in violence. The planned behavior theory can essentially explain the causes and trends in street violence. The variables that inform the theory of planned behavior include attitude towards a behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control (Weisburd & Braga, 2006). The intentions of a behavior are critically linked to an individual’s beliefs. Therefore, street violence is driven by individual behavior in regard to the intentions and beliefs of the gangs or any other person who engages in street conflicts and violence. The anti-violence advocacy by the CeaseFire program in the benefiting communities targets behavior change in order to achieve its objectives. The process of changing behavioral norms must identify the subject matter and all its variables before addressing the underlying issue (House of Commons, 2008). Stakeholders must first identify the behavior that needs to be changed in order to act accordingly. Anti-violence advocacy and conflict mitigation at the street level have to change the mindset, beliefs, and behaviors of gangs and all other persons who engage in street violence, and that is essentially the role of interrupters in the

A Bronx Tale Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Bronx Tale - Essay Example As the young man enters high school he is attracted to an African American girl, Jane, who causes conflict both internally and externally for him as he deals with peer pressure, personal angst, and family expectations. The 1960’s was a time of change for racial issues in America. Their where appeals by African American leaders protesting segregation in the United States and the role and status of the black community was transforming. This film is set in the thickest era of the racial segregation issue within the country. In the city of New Jersey there was a heavy population of Italian/Americans that lived alongside African Americans and the constant threat of violent encounters kept tensions high within both communities. African Americans were fighting for their right to vote and to end segregation and in the midst of it all a common paranoia was that anyone who seemed to be of white decent was a threat. This would explain why in the movie there were times where upon immediat e contact there were unavoidable confrontations. African Americans were often subjected to lower positions when they were employed. This would explain the next scene described. The first African American shown in the film is a black bartender at the neighborhood pub which the gangsters frequent. This depiction of an African American in a service position is accurate and represents the lower societal classification of African Americans in the United States in the1960s. The film’s next portrayal of African Americans is a segregated school bus driving through the Italian neighborhood. One Italian boy says, â€Å"They don’t live here.† Another Italian boy says, â€Å"That’s how it starts.† The neighborhood boys taunt and yell at the bus passengers, inciting one African American boy on the bus to make an obscene gesture at the neighborhood boys. This portrayal reveals the territorial nature of segregation as well as the lack of respect and understanding among different ethnicities. It also shows that the prejudices were mutually held, however the African American prejudice against Caucasians was probably in response to the Caucasians’ initial prejudice which was rooted in slavery. This theme of divisiveness is reinforced in a later scene when the teenage Calogero walks the African American girl home but stops before crossing into the African American neighborhood, a block from her actual house. The reason that Calogero stopped was another example of the lines in the sand that were drawn to keep the two communities separate. Some African American males yell at the Sicilian boy and one African American young man throws a rock at his back as he walks away. When several African American boys peacefully ride their bicycles through the Italian neighborhood the group of Italian boys attacks them. While Calogero abstains from participating, he suffers though guilt by association and is accused of wrong doing by Jane, whose brother was one of the boys who was attacked. Later the group of Italian boy’s fire shots and hurl fire bombs at an African American drugstore where several African Americans are gathered. One fire bomb is hurled back at them and ignites the car into an explosion, killing all of them. The film’s violent portrayal of racism during this era is accurate. The unease and distrust between different races of people was heightened by the general malice and mistrust of the American government and the leaders’ decision-making abilities. The need to belong and be accepted by one’s peers was greater during this time of uncertainty and change. Inter-racial relationships were uncommon and disapproved of. This again showed the power that racism had over the people of the United States at the time. There is

Tokyo City: Architecture and Agriculture

Tokyo City: Architecture and Agriculture Kostof Essay Tokyo city The archaic capitals of Japan, such as Fujiwara-Kyà ´ (694-710 AD), Nara (710-784 AD), and Kyoto (AD 794-1868) conformed to Tangs capital grid-planning. However, grounds of defence, the devisers of Tokyo shunned the grid, preferring instead an irregular network of streets encompassing the Edo Castle grounds. Afterwards, several parts of Tokyo were grid-planned. The history of Tokyo played a significant role in the present architecture of Tokyo city. Tokyo faced two major destructions in its history; first by Great Kanto earthquake and firebomb during the pacific war. After the pacific war Japanese government was bankrupt could not execute citywide redevelopment to support the economy. Instead it embarked on infrastructural development leaving residential and commercial urban development in the hands o local actors. As a result unplanned cities sprang up despite deliberate efforts by the government to plan the city. The city planning and zoning act of 1968 aimed to create a separation between urban and agricultural lands. Despite the government of Japan adopting the city planning and zoning act of 1968 with an intention of separation between urban and agricultural lands, this has not been fully realised.. Since the Meiji restoration Japanese cities have eagerly been trying to apply western planning concepts which set a clear demarcation between urban and rural land use. Despite efforts to pursue this goal, urban periphery landscapes with an apposition of segmented agricultural lands and urban land uses has lived through the history of Japanese cities including Tokyo. Agro-activities take place in Tokyo in more than 900ha of land. Setagaya is one of the most agriculturally active Tokyo wards. Some agro-activities take place at the heart of Tokyo city. Presence of agricultural land in Tokyo city interferes with grid-planning of the city. Some parts of the city are grid-planned while others are not. Le Corbusier likens grid planning to the way a human being walks. Human beings walk on a straight line since they have a goal and know where he is ending to. Man also turns at right angles when he needs to.  [1]  Therefore the oftenness of cross streets is his own decision with topography having little to do with it especially if it is a flat site. It is stepping the land with streets at right angles with each other is the opening move in settlement planning. The grid is the most common pattern of urban planning in history although its use was not uninterrupted through history. The grid is recommended as the standard scheme urban solution for different sites. It is also a means for equitable distribution of land as well as easy allocation of land for trading of real estate. Straight through-streets provide defence. The concentration of buildings into blocks as in grid-planning provides defence too. One common feature with all grids is their orthogonal street pattern. This does not make grids immutable but on the contrary they can curve around irregularities on the ground without betraying its basic logic. In orthogonal street pattern, long streets are straight with short streets joining the long streets at right angle. Structures in Tokyo are organized along wide road and rail network. This is also repeated in the residential areas though in a smaller scale. In the residential areas houses are organized along long lanes (roji) where small shops and restaurants can be found. These lanes are hardly accessible to vehicles. Existence of coordinated array of town does not ensure and orderly extension of the town grids into the surrounding territories. Town grids can only be extended to the surrounding territory only if the city authorities had the power to oversee development in the suburban regions. As mentioned earlier, after the devastating calamities of Great Kant earthquake and the bombing in the Second World War left Japan government bankrupt. As a result, the government was concerned with infrastructural development leaving the urban development in the hands of local actors. Tokyos shimokitazawa neighbourhood is an example of citys incremental urban development. It emerged from a combination of local liberty and an infrastructural retrofitting by the Japanese government. It grew from a village with rice fields in the periphery of Edo to become and a modern urban cultural and commercial hub. Today shimokitazawa has a village and ancient Tokyo atmosphere. The typology of Shimokitazawa is characteriz ed by little low-rise constructions along a complex network mainly of pedestrian streets, busy ground market activity, and tight community networks. Shimokitazawa is one of the areas of Tokyo city that presents deformed grid. Organic city Some parts of Tokyo city can be referred to as organic city. Organic cities grow spontaneously adhering to no master plan, do not enjoy benefit of designers. Alternatively organic citys growth is dependent on passage of time, the lay of land and the day to day lives of the citizens. The result of these forces is irregular non-geometric with incidences of crooked and curved streets and randomly defined open spaces.  [2]  Organic city emerges when development is left in the hands of individuals without a governing body subdividing the land before disposing it off to the people. Spiro agrees with the fact that people have different opinions about organic cities. Some people might chose to find fault with organic city or celebrate its action-packed topography, forthcoming and flexible development of its form, and its culture characterized by communal living. He does not seem to oppose organic cities. He asserts that even planned cities present features characteristic of organic cities. The extent of life in terms of the buildings mass and varying height of buildings marshalled like troops along a city grid can result to picturesque characteristic of unplanned city. Spiro also argues that even the geometrical irregularity of unplanned city is a matter of grade. The streets curve frequently but not canonical. What looks like in orderly arrangement is often a matter of straight streets sections intersecting at random angles, and their linear elements broken with frequent angulated bends.  [3]   According to Spiro planned and organic cities exist side by side e.g. Tokyo and Shimokitazawa most historic towns, mainly those of metropolitan size are puzzles of premeditated and self-generated segments, diversely juxtaposed or interlocked.  [4]  Organic cities may start as shantytowns on unoccupied land at the remote edges of town, or in centrally located areas that are difficult to build up such as steep slopes, canyons, or garbage dumps. Shimokitazawa has many narrow passages that are inaccessible to vehicles which give a true sense of adventure as one explores the town on foot. Second hand clothes shops selling miscellaneous items from the 70s and old animated themed toys are popular. Various cultural festivals are held in Shimokitazawa which showcase the cultural wealth of the town. In the month of February, the town of Shimokitazawa if full of festivity. Various plays are performed in eight small theatres during the month long Shimokitazawa theatre festival. The Tengu-Matsuri festival held at the end of January or early February gives a serene and friendly appeal of Shimokitazawa. The lively Mikoshi-Matsuri festival otherwise called the portable shrine festival is held early September. Organic cities lay both conceptually physically and in the middle of slums and contemporary planned cities. They are a budding environment that increased gradually and spontaneously evolved over generations. Often organic cities are culturally vibrant and creative dependent on local skills and cultural capital. They can provide solutions to challenges facing modern cities such as population density. Organic city are able to support high population density in an environmentally and socially sustainable way. With increase in number of poor people living in degraded urban environments organic cities have potential to shift the paradigm of urbanism. Therefore organic cities should be recognized as a legitimate urban form and developing it from within. The grand manner The tree planted streets of Tokyo city as well as its parks contribute to the citys plan grand manner. Side walks and parkways in the streets of Tokyo city are amazing. The tree- planted sidewalks and parkways give the city a sense of serenity. Some avenues have double rows of trees depending on the width of the sidewalks. For example, on Grand Avenue in South Park where an average 24 inch sidewalk are required, a double row of trees are planted. Road tree in Japan is thought to date back as the middle of the eighth century when trees were planted along the roads for the welfare of travellers. However, only after Japan opened its frontiers that it started to overhaul and thus turning trees to be part of urban landscapes. Black pine, cherry, maple and other species were planted in Tokyo on Ginza Street in 1873. Exotic trees were first used to line the city streets in 1875 when a black locust tree was planted in Tokyo. However because of poor care most of them dried up. In 1907 the government of Japan embarked on a big project of planting trees along city streets of Tokyo. Ten fast growing trees were selected which included among others Trident maple, Plane tree and Ginkgos. Ginkgos was planted in front of Tokyos city hall thus was marked as a street tree in Japan. However this project suffered two major setbacks; the Great Kanto Earthquake that resulted into fires that destroyed more than half the street trees, and bombing of Japan during the Second World War. Tree planting in city streets was part of Tokyos reconstruction process. Even to date Ginkgos remains the preferred street tree in Tokyo. Large number of evergreen trees are planted in wide and high-speed expressways to reduce traffic noise in the surrounding residential areas. Trees creating harmony are preferred for expressways passing through undeveloped areas like mountain foothills. Ginkgo tree has been utilized mainly in designs that c omprise western landscape characteristics. Tokyo National Showa Memorial Park was created in 1983, and sits on a 450-acre parcel of land and Ginkgos forms its allee. The park was created to mark the fifteenth anniversary ascension of Emperor Showa. The place having been occupied by United States Tachikawa military base, the buildings were demolished and hills rebuilt, tree planted and grasses sown to make forests and fields. The relationship of city to its natural environment Urbanization process has led to reduction in green spaces and loss of public spaces. He present urban regeneration projects in Tokyo are aimed at converting ex-industry land and shifting land to high rise building areas. These areas relate weakly with the encompassing city areas. Currently nature scarcely exists in Tokyo. During the Edo Period, samurai residential areas were situated on the high land of the Musashi plateau, while abodes of low caste samurai and tradesmen were situated in the valleys below, making a life space for a variety of living and working areas according to the contour of the land. The Tokyo Bay was visible at a distant from the roads going down from the high land. There were also many places where people could relish the sight of Mount Fuji. Protecting view points of various centres of attraction such as Mt. Fuji is not an important factor in Tokyo city planning. On the contrary emphasis has inclined towards universality rather than the features of the place, and the result is stereotype city space. Like many historical cities, Tokyo is developed close to the rivers and canals. Presently, the rivers are separated from the town by perpendicular embankments, with the buildings having their backs to the polluted rivers. Originally the ideal sites for city architecture were river banks with straight access to the water transportation system. Relationship of the man-made to the natural context The relationship between manmade and the natural in Tokyo can be described as chaotic. The city plan does not give emphasis to visibility of natural features such as Mt. Fuji. Unlike London, where protecting the perspective of Saint Pauls Cathedral from several main points across the city is a key guideline for the city planning, Tokyo does not give much consideration to the view of its esteemed feature in the city. Save for a few parks at the centre of Tokyo, parks and open spaces have reduced compared to those of ancient Edo (Tokyo). Even some of the parks cannot provide the relaxation they were intended because of noise pollution. For example, Uchibori-dori Avenue cuts across the Outer Garden of the Imperial Palace which is next to Hibiya Park. The car noise creates a restless atmosphere within the park. Putting Uchibori-dori Avenue underground, and planting of Japanese black pines would create a large open space area about thirty hectares conducive for events, outdoor stage or sporting events. This would in turn revive the business area in the core of the city which has since lost popularity on holidays. Urban fabric and monuments Tokyo city is a unique in that western or modern and ancient city planning is intertwined in the development of the city. Agricultural land is seen in the city as it is historic of Asian cities. Some people view this kind of coexistence as chaotic mainly because Japan government adopted the western style of city planning that makes a clear demarcation between urban and rural areas which Japan has not been able accomplished. However when looked from historic and cultural perspective, it can be understood as serving an important role in the Japanese cities and specifically in Tokyo. The agricultural land sustains their surrounding population. The urban fabric of Tokyo is often made of a soft residential core, qualified by low-rise and thickly built houses, encircled by a hard shell of taller and larger buildings along broad roads or railways. A new generation of needs has led to changes in building types. For example, apartments are seen to be small and their narrow staircase not providing adequate access. This has made people to migrate form apartments for better housing. The originally neat, modern parks and greenways of the apartments have now become jungles of vegetation. Now efforts are directed towards redeveloping the apartments to attract new residents. Tokyo city has several ancient and modern monuments. In some cases modern and ancient monuments are juxtaposed depicting western and ancient architecture evident in Tokyo city. They also depict the co-existence of western and ancient cultures. An example is Zojoji Temple located next to the Tokyo Tower. In summary Tokyo city can be described as combining grid and organic city in its urban fabric. The city planning and zoning act of 1968 intended to create a separation between urban and agricultural lands. However this attempt has failed to produce the desired results as agricultural lands are still evident in Tokyo city. This makes Asian cities which have borrowed the European way of urban planning, including Tokyo look disorderly. As a result of combining western and ancient styles of city planning, some parts of Tokyo city are grid planned whereas others not. Although the city may look chaotic it has still been able to maintain a grand manner in its streets and open space. Tree planting along the sidewalks and parkways as well as parks such as Ueno contribute to the citys grand manner. Also contributing to the uniqueness of Tokyo city is its monuments some of which are juxtaposed both modern and ancient e.g. Zojoji Temple and Tokyo Tower.

The Battle of Bunker Hill Essay -- War, Power, Turmoil

Taking place in 1775, at the start of the Revolutionary War, the Battle of Bunker Hill was a needed victory early in the war to get the soldiers to believe in themselves. Many soldiers in the beginning of the war did not believe that the lowly colonists could defeat and declare independence from a superpower; Britain. Although outnumbered and with little confidence, the continental army stood their ground at the Battle of Bunker Hill and proved that they could win the war. The colonies were in a state of turmoil. They had to pay extravagant taxes, but they also were not counted as Britain’s â€Å"people.† The colonies tried to obtain peace with documents such as the Olive Branch Petition, but were refused many times. So after many attempts at peace and tolerating many unfair taxations plus having to house British soldiers without having a voice, the colonists rendezvous at the 2nd Continental Congress debated whether or not to attack the British Redcoats; they were sick and tired of having to tolerate this tyranny. In the 1st Continental Congress, the leaders of the colonies, minus Georgia, met at Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in response to the Intolerable Acts passed because of the Boston Tea Party. The outcome was for peace, and so, King George was offered an olive branch. King George refused the proposal and the colonists became angry. On April 19 of 1775, the colonists’ minutemen and the redcoats, whi ch were soldiers on the British side, clashed at Lexington and Concord. The first bullet fired was â€Å"The shot heard around the world.† The war had begun. On May 10, Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys seize Fort Ticonderoga. Then after the Second Continental Congress on the same day, George Washington, the new... ...nd and stood up to the full might of the British army and caused them severe casualties, the British finally acknowledged them and declared a full-out war. In the beginning, most colonists didn’t want to fight due to this battle, they were ready. They were ready to win the war and gain what they wanted the most; independence and a voice. Works Cited "Battle of Bunker Hill Begins." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. . "11d. Bunker Hill." Bunker Hill [ushistory.org]. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Oct. 2013. . Deverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States History. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2006. Englar, Mary. The Battle of Bunker Hill. Minneapolis, MN: Compass Point, 2007.

Different Theoretical Approaches Essay

Examine how the different theoretical approaches have explained the changes that the family has historically gone through. The family is a universal institution present in every society throughout the world. For many, the family seems a familiar and comfortable institution, but this can appear in many different forms. A particular type of family is the ‘nuclear’ family; this consists of parents and children living together in the same household. The ‘conventional nuclear’ family comprises of a married man and woman with their biological children living together, this type of family is often dubbed ‘the cereal packet family’ where the male is the breadwinner and the female a homemaker. Another family type is the ‘extended’ family which includes all kin beyond the nuclear family e.g. Grandparents, Aunts or Uncles etc. Other family types include; Patriarchal families, Reconstituted or (step) families and Loan Parent Families, all of wh ich are alternatives to the traditional nuclear family. The family has been the focus of study for many different sociologists, all of which can be criticized in some form.Throughout this essay I am going to examine how the different theoretical approaches explain how family structures and the roles of individuals within them have changed in relation to each of the historical stages that Western society is said to have developed through. There is an underlying assumption amongst sociologists that ‘hunter-gatherer’ bands were the first forms of society. Although these were large communal groups the structure of the ‘nuclear’ family was seen to be present within them. In order to survive the need for team work was essential and therefore separate conjugal roles were necessary. Female mobility was limited due to the impact of child birth and child rearing so they were responsible for gathering nuts and berries from the land whilst the male role was go and hunt for food. Anthropologists studying ‘hunter-gathere r’ societies still in existence today such as The Hadza from Tanzania support this view and speculate this was once the way of life in every society. Functionalist Gary Lees believed the nuclear family unit was optimal within ‘hunter-gatherer’ societies as they needed to be mobile in order to move around and search for food. Marxist sociologist Friedrich Engels argued that because the means of production was owned communally then the family as such did not exist. He refers to this an era of ‘primitive  communism’ characterised by promiscuity. There were no rules limiting the number of sexual relationships so therefore society was in effect ‘the family’. (Holborn, 2004) Feminist sociologists tended to agree with the Marxist view but saw the roots of traditional conjugal roles such as childbirth and child-rearing as a disadvantage to women. The next stage in the development of society is referred to as the ‘pre-industrial’ stage. This stage of history saw a shift towards agricultural based societies. William Goode (1963) believed that the extended family was only appropriate with in this type of society due to the amount of Labour intensive work needed to be carried out. Functionalist Talcott Parsons agreed with this because the extended family system had more people available to carry out the wide variety of functions required. (Owens, n.d.) A study entitled ‘Family and community in Ireland’ (1968) Arensberg and Kimball found that kinship ties were still extremely strong but the basic unit was that of the extended family. They believe that the traditional Irish farming family is a ‘patriarchal extended family, due to considerable authority of the male head; the family is patrilineal because property is passed down the male family line. This has been criticised by Peter Laslett who examined parish records which provided evidence to indicate that in fact only 10% of pre-industrial families included kin beyond the nuclear family. (Owens, n.d.). Michael Young and Peter Wilmott conducted a study attempting to trace the development of the family from pre-industrial England to the 1970s. They suggest the family develops through four stages, they described the first stage family as one that works together as a unit of production; husband, wife and unmarried children work together as team. Materialist feminist Sylvia Walby believed that economic relations and inheritance of property were a major source of female disadvantage. The period of industrialisation is associated with urbanisation and the growth of factory based industry. Talcott Parsons argued that the family is ‘structurally isolated’ because relationships with other kin are a matter of choice and as the nuclear family contained the basic roles of mother, father and children needed to carry out the essential functions then the extended family of pre-industrial times was no longer required. He believed the family had emerged due to a process structural differentiation society had gone through and due to development of more specialised institutions there are fewer functions  needing to be perform ed by the family and therefore the family ceases to become an economic unit of production. (Holborn, 2004) However other sociologists such as Michael Anderson (1971) believed that industrialisation actually increased the need for extended family because as people moved into towns they moved in with relatives in order to find comfort and security. Community studies of working class neighbourhoods in the twentieth century such as Dennis et al’s study of a Yorkshire mining village (1956) and Jeremy Tunstall’s study of Hull trawler men (1962) all featured similar conclusions of extended family life and support. (Owens, n.d.) Wilmott and Young referred to this as their Stage two families which began with the industrial revolution. In this stage families cease to be a unit of production and become employed as individual wage earners. They believe due to low wages and high unemployment families extended their nuclear networks to include extended family networks, this provided them financial security against hardship. They believed this was the tie between mother and married daughter they used as a defence due to the conjugal bond within the nuclear family being so weak, due to the males in the relationship choosing to spend more time away from the family unit. Some people have argued that as industrialisation and modernisation proceeded, kinship-based society and the extended family broke up and the nuclear family emerged as the dominant form. This family has often been referred to as ‘the cereal packet family’. The role of father also saw a shift towards a more family based role and the conjugal bond was strong. Post-industrial times have seen a decline in factory based industry and a rise in people choosing to work within the service sector. The big question now is whether or not the ‘family is in decline?’ Patterns of family life have changed dramatically over recent years. One reason for this is the rise in divorce rates as changes to laws have meant that it is much easier for people to get divorced than it was in the past, also a change in attitude has meant that there is no longer the social stigma around attached with divorce. The development of the state and a rise in women workers means that women no longer have to rely on a male for financial support. Feminist Germaine Greer sees divorce has been good for women as they no longer have to accept living in an unhappy marriage. In conclusion I believe that there has been a widespread change in family structures over time, but I believe this is due more due to cultural changes  and a more widespread knowledge and acceptance of the different types of family that exists. Bibliography Holborn, H. a., 2004. Sociology themes and perspectives. 6th ed. s.l.:Harpercollins. Owens, R., n.d. Families and Households -Changing Structure. Sociology factsheet.

Research Paper on Police Brutality Sample

Research Paper on Police Brutality Sample Those of the minority community have been subjected, for many decades, to violence by those in law enforcement in the United States. This type of violence is a direct depiction of police brutality, which often leads to death. Police brutality has been an issue for many years, and it remains a major concern for those of the minority community. Over the past five centuries, black people have endured violence in many different ways. Today, police officers use deadly, excessive force that leads to inexcusable assaults, beatings and shootings. This demonstrates the governmentÐ ¢s role in initiating and prolonging racial suppression and provides the explanation for police brutality to become a federal crime(Black Radical Congress, 3). In history, racist violence, police brutality, has been used to suppress the racial blacks and to preserve power and privileges for the white race. This was done for five primary purposes. First, it has forced black people into slavery or low wage situations. Secondly, to steal land and other resources. A 3-rd was to maintain social control. A fourth purpose was to eliminate conflict in politics, social life, and employment. Lastly, the fifth purpose was to unite white people across the ethnic, class, and gender boundaries. However, after the Emancipation, lynching became a prominent form of violence used against the blacks. The use of lynching was a means of controlling and putting fear into the blacks, making them afraid to go against anything the white man said or authorized. In the mid 1900s, race riots and lawful executions began to replace the practice of lynching. This became the new method of social control and white supremacy could be controlled through racial discrimination. Harassment and discrimination are two other forms of violence, they have been practiced for many centuries and are still being practiced today as a means of control. The practice of police brutality has a strong affect on a main segment of the American population. Those affected are minorities and the elderly causing them to have strong hatred towards the whites in America. Police Brutality is abuse by law enforcement, where a police officer feels that because he/ she has a badge and a gun therefore it puts them above the law and they can use unnecessary force against another individual. Police Brutality is not a new issue; it has become more focused on recently due to some cases that have occurred in the past few years that have been highly publicized. The abuse used by police officers is a serious offense that violates a persons human and civil rights. These violations are seen nationwide to the minority community and are committed by various police officers that fail to receive punishment for their action. The Civil Rights Act provides protection to those persons wronged by the misuse of power, possessed by the virtue of state law and made [it] possible only because the wrongdoer is clothed with the authority of state law. There is a violation of the fourth amendment when innocent people become victims of police brutality. Many minorities are stopped because they are driving a luxury car. They are assumed to be either drug dealers or a criminal. The protection of the fourth amendment, however, is shrinking; it can only be used with the presence of a warrant (Meeks, 9). The presence of the warrant keeps from unlawful police searches and abuse to occur. Racial profiling is the more common form of police brutality. This is the most frequent violation of the fourth amendment. It is the tactic of stopping someone because of his or her skin color. Racial profiling mainly targets young Black and Latino men and is believed to be a justified form of law enforcement. In other words, it is a form of legal prejudice that occurs daily nationwide. Although, there are many questionable areas in racial profiling that cannot be avoided nor proven. First, it is difficult to prove, in a majority of cases there is no evidence and the police officers can claim the stop to be a routine traffic stop. An example of this is when a black person is pulled over for a traffic violation the type of vehicle is first determined and then their skin color. A majority of Blacks and Latinos drive either flashy or historical vehicles, this determines the  ethnicity of the driver. Harassment takes place and no one can prove this but the victim and the police officer . Secondly, the courts have to acknowledge that racial profiling occurred and in most cases this is hard to prove. There are also other forms of racial profiling. In many professions, this type of profiling is used as a form as security. Taxi drivers and security personnel engage in profiling when they feel fearful or threatened. Taxi drivers use this type of judgment when refusing to pick up a customer at night and security guards use it to find suspects while working. Racial profiling is considered to be a profile used by police officers to identify suspicious criminal or violators of the law. A typical profile used is the CARD system. CARD is an acronym for class, age, race, and dress. This system is used to fit individuals into categories for means of identification. The problem with the CARD system is that many minorities fall into this category. This makes them primary targets and poses a problem for some of the white people that also fall into this category. Nevertheless, there are a few positive sides to profiling. For one, it can be considered to be a survival skill, allowing one to see if people are doing justice. Secondly, it puts people on an innate level. Profiling shows signs about people and certain criteria. Lastly, it is not considered to be racism. Police officers who use profiling use it as a tool because they think that they are color blind in certain situations. Police brutality also occurs in prisons where the prisoners are mistreated because it becomes a simple case of authority. Humans have their freedom to express their rights and police brutality violates their human rights. The main targets of police brutality are two third African American or Latino and the majority of the time the officer is white. There are five stages through which force can progress and lead to brutality: verbal persuasion, unarmed physical force, force using non-lethal weapons, force using impact weapons, deadly force. Enforcement personnel should use the deadly force stage only when an officers life or another persons life is in danger. By having the deadly force stage, the law permits someone to commit a murder, and justifies its use. Many law enforcement officials appear to have a tough exterior towards crime, but are very sensitive to crime on the inside. Police officers build up negative feelings towards certain races, sexes, or religions. Officers tend to get the impression that if one or a few people treat them with disrespect, than other people of that same sex, race, or religion will treat the officer in the same way. Another cause of police brutality and misconduct is the amount of stress that is put upon the law enforcement official. Law enforcement officials who are accused of police brutality are required to attend a civil court hearing with a judge and a jury present. Most of the time the jury will find the officers not guilty, or guilty of a lesser crime. This is true in the case of the officer who used an illegal chokehold on Anthony Bees, a twenty eight-year old Puerto Rican, after Baezs football hit the patrol car. Baez was killed due to the force of the chokehold, but the officer was found not guilty. However, due to racism and society, the demand of tough treatment towards criminals will encourage police officers to remain violent. The extent of police brutality can be improved through the training of police officers and racially integrated departments resulting in the decline of police violence. Many ways to correct police misconduct have evolved. Such corrections include sufficient training, recruitment, and integration. In recruitment, tighter screening and  background checks could be used to avoid violence and racism to enter into the police force. By means of integration, the presence of more minorities can help to dissolve the hatred towards minorities in the society, giving affirmative action an opportunity to take precedence. Police officers should also be required to go to a class that re-teaches them how to act appropriate in an arrest and other situations. A majority of these police officers also feel as though they did not commit a wrongdoing and that they are innocent. One of the ways to curb police brutality is to implement new laws, to punish the wrong doers that may bring about the decrease in police brutality. Today, officers know that there are laws dealing with etiquette during an arrest, but many do not attempt to apply what they know, and let physical strength, and force overcomes them. Also, severe or reasonable consequences should be given to police officers who participate in police brutality. Suspension, verbal reprimands, an investigation, anger manageme nt classes, or the loss of their jobs are some consequences that should be given to violating officers. Although there has been some progress and education, training and integration with of the law enforcement population, the are still incidents of racial profiling and police brutality. With continued efforts and corrections of racial injustices, this type of abuse and punishment will lessen when the law moves more towards the justice for minorities. Doing so will cause less brutalities and deaths to occur and more social justice.